Bělmo: Understanding Corneal Opacity, Its Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

The human eye is one of the most complex and sensitive organs in the body. Among various eye conditions, bělmo — also known as corneal opacity — is a term often used in Czech and some Slavic languages to describe a cloudy or white patch on the cornea. While it may seem like a minor concern, bělmo can lead to significant visual impairment or even blindness if not addressed properly. This article explores the condition in detail: its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options.

What Is Bělmo (Corneal Opacity)?

Bělmo refers to the loss of transparency of the cornea, the clear, dome-shaped surface that covers the front of the eye. Normally, the cornea is transparent to allow light to enter the eye and focus on the retina. When it becomes scarred, inflamed, or infected, it can become cloudy — reducing vision or even completely blocking it.

The term bělmo literally means “whiteness” in Czech and Slovak, referring to the white or opaque appearance of the affected area.

Causes of Bělmo

There are several possible causes of corneal opacity or bělmo. They range from infections to injuries and underlying health conditions. Below are some of the most common:

1. Infections

• Keratitis: A bacterial, viral, or fungal infection of the cornea.
• Trachoma: A serious bacterial eye infection common in developing countries.
• Herpes Simplex Virus: Can cause recurring eye infections leading to scarring.

2. Injuries

• Physical trauma such as scratches, burns, or foreign bodies in the eye can cause permanent scarring.
• Chemical burns (from acids or alkalis) are particularly harmful to the cornea.

3. Nutritional Deficiencies

• Vitamin A deficiency, especially in children, can lead to corneal ulcers and subsequent scarring.

4. Congenital Conditions

• Some babies are born with corneal opacity due to genetic disorders or infections during pregnancy.

5. Eye Surgeries or Contact Lenses

• Improper contact lens use or complications from surgery may damage the cornea over time.

Symptoms of Bělmo

The severity of symptoms often depends on how much of the cornea is affected and whether the central (visual) axis is involved. Common signs include:

• Cloudy or white spots on the eye
• Blurred or reduced vision
• Eye pain or discomfort
• Sensitivity to light (photophobia)
• Redness or irritation
• Excessive tearing

In mild cases, the person may not notice any symptoms until an eye exam reveals the opacity.

Types of Corneal Opacity (Bělmo)

Corneal opacities are usually classified based on their location, depth, and density:

1. Nebula

• A slight opacity that causes only minor vision issues.

2. Macula

• A moderate opacity with more visible scarring and more significant vision impairment.

3. Leucoma

• A dense white opacity that can significantly or completely block vision.

How Is Bělmo Diagnosed?

An ophthalmologist can diagnose bělmo during a comprehensive eye exam using various tools:

• Slit-lamp examination: A microscope with a light to examine the eye’s structures in detail.
• Fluorescein staining: A dye test to detect corneal abrasions or ulcers.
• Corneal topography: Maps the surface of the cornea for distortions.
• OCT (Optical Coherence Tomography): A high-resolution imaging technique to assess corneal thickness and depth of scarring.

In cases where infection is suspected, samples of corneal tissue or fluid may be tested for bacteria, fungi, or viruses.

Conclusion

Bělmo, or corneal opacity, may sound like a rare or exotic condition, but it’s surprisingly common around the world, especially in regions with poor access to healthcare. Though it can be mild in some cases, ignoring the symptoms can result in long-term damage.

Understanding the causes, recognizing the symptoms early, and getting appropriate treatment can preserve and protect your vision. In a world where sight is so critical to quality of life, taking eye health seriously is one of the best things you can do.

FAQs

Q1: Is bělmo contagious?
No. The condition itself is not contagious, but underlying infections like conjunctivitis or keratitis can be.

Q2: Can bělmo go away on its own?
Minor cases may improve over time, especially if caused by mild inflammation. However, most cases require treatment.

Q3: Is surgery always necessary?
No. Surgery is usually a last resort for severe opacities that do not respond to medication.

Q4: Can laser treatment remove corneal scars?
Yes, in some cases. Phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK) is used for superficial scars.

Q5: Can I prevent bělmo after an eye injury?
Yes. Immediate medical attention and proper wound care can reduce the risk of permanent scarring.